The pilot - PAU inglés 2016 Andalucía

>Exámenes selectividad inglés resueltos Andalucía

As a German pilot in World War I, my father was flying a reconnaissance mission over the east of France when he was attacked by French airplanes whose machine guns damaged his plane. Without engine power, he managed to cross the Swiss border and crash-landed in a field among surprised farmers. At the end of the war, he returned to Germany from neutral Switzerland, where he had been living in an internment camp. After that, he continued his studies, graduated as a geologist, and eventually immigrated to the United States, where he became a geology professor at a leading American University. 

Half a century after this wartime incident and near the end of his career, my father was with a group of students at the end of a day's geological fieldwork. They all gathered around a campfire and he started to tell them his experience. Suddenly, one of the students interrupted him and said, "Let me finish the story." From that moment, to the amazement of all, the student provided the correct details of what had happened that day in Switzerland.

He told them that, when the farmworkers got to the place of the accident to assist the soldiers, they found that the photographer who was seated behind my father was dead. They liberated my disoriented but uninjured father from the plane and provided him with food and water. Some time later, the Swiss police arrived and interned him in a camp. In his youth, the student had heard this story many times from his mother, who happened to be one of the farm girls taking part in the events.

No Fear, No Surprise, No Hesitation - PAU inglés 2016 Madrid

>Exámenes selectividad inglés resueltos C. Madrid

Ancient Samurai Armor | by williamcho

Where does this saying come from? It's from a seventeenth-century samurai warrior. This way his key to successful living.

No fear. There should be nothing in this life that you are afraid of. If there is, you might need to overcome that fear. Here I have to confess to a certain fear of heights. Recently, owing to leaky rain gutters, I had to crawl out on our roof. I gritted my teeth and kept repeating, "No fear, no fear", until the job was done. Oh yes, and of course I didn't look down. Whatever your fear, face it head on and defeat it.

No surprise. Life seems to be full of them. You're going along swimmingly and suddenly something huge rears up ahead of you. But if you look carefully, there were clues all along the way that it was going to happen. So why does life seem to surprise us then? Because we are asleep half the time. Wake up and nothing can sneak up on you.

No hesitation. Weigh up the odds and then just get on with it. If you spend too long thinking, the opportunity will have passed. Once we have looked at the options, we make a choice; then, go for it. No hesitation means not waiting around for other people to help out or make up our minds for us. No hesitation means if there is a certain inevitability about a situation then just throw yourself in, head first, and enjoy the ride. If there is nothing to be done then waiting doesn't help.

Why are British kids so unhappy? Two words: screen time. PAU Valencia 2016

>Exámenes selectividad inglés Comunidad Valenciana resueltos

Children at school-by-Lucélia Ribeiro

Peter Wanless has warned of a nation of deeply unhappy children, due to “the pressure to keep up with friends and have the perfect life online... adding to the sadness that many young people feel every day”. New research by Action For Children (AFC) finds that one in four parents struggles to control their  children’s  screen  use, 10% of parents find it hard to get their kids to do homework, and 18% can’t get them to go to sleep at night.

AFC suggests limiting children’s screen time by planning fun activities for the whole family that don’t involve technology and creating a balance between technology use and other activities, insisting that, for every hour of screen, children should have to do an hour of something else.

Sorry, none of that’s ever going to work on any teen I know, for that matter; it’s too late for that now. No, it’s time for some Victorian-style parenting.  So last night we sat our son Fred down and laid down the law: from this Sunday,  he’s to hand in his phone to us by 10.30 pm on school  nights - no discussion,  no argument,  just good old-fashioned “because I said so”. His response? “No way. That is so unfair. I’ve done nothing wrong!”

Sure, you can blame the parents for this whole mess -if we hadn’t filled our homes with smartphones and tablets and  laptops and desktops, none of this would ever have happened.  You can even blame society or  the government. Or it could be Tim Berners-Lee’s fault for inventing the web.

Bob Granleese, The Guardian, 7-1-2016

Are you a Phubber? PAU 2016 resuelto

>Exámenes selectividad inglés resueltos Andalucía

"Stop Phubbing" is a campaign aimed to embarrass people over the rude use of mobile phones. "Phubbing" is a slang word that means ignoring others in a social setting by looking at your phone instead of paying attention.  "Tweeting" during weddings, or "instagramming" at dinner with friends are cases of phubbing. Posters have been created for use in cafes, bars and restaurants, with slogans including "Respect the food and the company you are in" or "Put your phone away and have a chat in the real world." 

The campaign creator, Alex Haigh, an Australian student, explained how the idea of the campaign was born: "A group of friends and I were chatting when someone commented how annoying being ignored by people on mobiles was. It's the people who do it all the time that we are targeting. It's a paradox. You disconnect from those around you in favour of those pretty much anywhere else. This often irritates your friends, unless they're phubbing too, in which case you all might as well have stayed home." 

Joseph Haddad, who owns a cafe in Brunswick, Germany, has displayed posters of the campaign to try to discourage bad manners: "It happens a lot, people come in and we ask them, 'what would you like?' and they stay on their phones. And we see a lot of people who are sitting at the table with friends, and they are on Facebook, or Twitter... don't you think they should be talking to each other instead?" Although the first "Stop Phubbing" campaign group started in Australia, at least five others have appeared as indignation about this new type of rude behaviour grows all over the world. 

Bénévolat: Tendre la main ne coûte rien . PAU francés 2015

Exámenes selectividad francés resueltos Andalucía

Du 12 au 14 septembre, ce sont les 3J du bénévolat. L'occasion de se poser cette question : et si, moi aussi, j'aidais les autres ? Être bénévole, c'est aider, le plus souvent une association, sans être payé. En France, le nombre de bénévoles serait compris entre 12 et 14 millions, soit un Français sur quatre.

Ce sont surtout les étudiants et les retraités qui s'engagent le plus. Quand on choisit de devenir bénévole, c'est souvent pour défendre une cause qui nous touche. Par exemple aider des personnes handicapées, accueillir des enfants pour les vacances, protéger les animaux... Pour être bénévole, il suffit d'avoir du temps, et de l'énergie. Il faut normalement avoir 16 ans, mais on peut toujours aller donner un coup de main avec ses parents. D'ailleurs, la loi autorise même les enfants de 16 ans à créer une association.

S'engager comme bénévole, c'est un excellent moyen de découvrir la vie en société, de prendre des responsabilités. C'est une chose qui est très appréciée par les patrons quand on mentionne une telle expérience sur son CV.

Mais bien sûr, c'est une aide indispensable pour les associations, qui ont toujours besoin d'aide. Alors si devenir bénévole vous intéresse, pourquoi ne pas en parler à vos parents et chercher ensemble quel type de cause vous aimeriez aider ?

Journal des enfants 12.09.2012.

PAU inglés Galicia 2015 - Attitudes towards Britain and the British

>Exámenes selectividad inglés Galicia resueltos

The  British  Council  recently  conducted  a  31-nation  survey  (including  Spain)  of  attitudes towards Britain and the British, as part of the British Government’s efforts to improve the UK’s image  overseas.  In  general  the  attitudes  of  people  in  Africa,  the  Middle  East  and  South  Asia were  quite  positive,  but  those  in  Western  Europe  and  East  Asia  gave  more  critical  responses. However,  all  areas  agreed  on  Britain’s  most  famous  representatives:  David  Beckham,  Hugh Grant and Mr Bean.

In  Spain people  were  more  critical  than  in  other  countries  when  asked  about  Britain.  As  far  as British  people  are  concerned,  Spanish  attitudes  were  positive  in  some  aspects  and  negative  in others.  On  one  hand  they  seemed  to  think  that  the  British  are  honest,  fair, hardworking  and loyal,  but,  on  the  other  hand  they  regarded  them  as  being  rather  conservative,  a  little  bit  dull, and not terribly friendly, particularly to people from other countries and cultures. The country’s main  strengths  were  felt  to  be  the  English language, the nation’s stable economy and its legal, government and education systems. The country’s higher education system, its universities and colleges,  were  well thought of and most Spanish people believe  that if they  go to the UK, they will  get  a  good academic experience in the universities and colleges there. Britain’s art world was widely praised, especially because of its tremendous capacity for innovation.
Contrary  to  people  from other  countries,  the  Spanish  are  more  or  less  aware  of  the  differences between the four countries that make up the United Kingdom. Scotland (whose key images were mountains,  kilts  and  whisky)  was  the  most  recognised,  ahead  of  England  (best  known  for London,  the  Royal  Family  and  the  Tower  of London),  Wales  (the  Prince  of Wales,  castles  and rugby) and Northern Ireland (violence and the IRA).

Parler une autre langue: est-ce un don? - PAU francés 2016

>Exámenes selectividad francés Madrid resueltos

Il ne faut pas disposer de facultés particulières pour parler correctement une autre langue. Se lamenter de ne pas avoir cette facilité est donc une très mauvaise excuse pour ne pas s'y appliquer.

Au siècle dernier, certains linguistes ont tenté de mettre au point des tests d'aptitude pour vérifier l'existence d'un don. Mais, depuis les années 70, la grande majorité d'entre eux admet qu'aucune preuve ne va dans ce sens. Ni liée à un talent particulier ni en relation avec notre niveau d'intelligence, notre capacité à accéder à une autre langue ne dépend donc que de nous: de notre milieu culturel d'origine, de notre curiosité et de notre intérêt pour les autres et pour le monde, mais également de nos oreilles. C'est en tous cas ce qu'a démontré Alfred Tomatis, médecin spécialiste en oto-rhino-laryngologie, inventeur d'une méthode d'apprentissage souvent sollicitée par les acteurs et les chanteurs.

Selon lui, «la voix ne reproduit que ce que l'oreille écoute, ce qui signifie que si l'on parle mal une langue étrangère, c'est parce qu'on ne l'écoute pas correctement. »

Huit universités l'ont confirmé: rééduquer son oreille, c'est-à-dire l'accorder pour se mettre sur la même longueur d'onde que la langue à apprendre, permet de réduire de moitié le temps d'apprentissage.

D ́après Stéphanie Torre, Marie France, 19 janvier 2014

How would we live in a world without oil? -PAU 2016 inglés Madrid resuelto

>Exámenes selectividad inglés resueltos C. Madrid

What would happen if our oil supply were shut off in a day? First, there is transportation. With the overwhelming majority of the oil we produce devoted to powering our vehicles, the impact on getting around would be most dramatic. Price-speculation would begin right away, and long lines would form at gas stations. Soon, we would all be looking for an electric car or converting our vehicles to run on natural gas. But it would not be long before natural gas supplies were also driven to extinction.

Fuel shortage is not the only problem our enslavement to black gold would cause. We also need to keep the lights on and blackouts would soon begin. It gets much worse still, of course, because a world without oil would quickly become a world without all of the products made from petroleum that we have come to know, love and depend upon. The list of essentials that we would soon be doing without is prodigious: medicines, paints, utensils and equipment, virtually all plastics, etc.

Eating would get tougher, too. If no one can truck fresh vegetables from across the country, we might be inclined to go back to basics and grow our own food. Local farmers would become a necessity, not just people who sell us honey at the street fair. It is an interesting thought experiment to picture such a world. Though the scenario is unreal, of course, taken to its logical conclusion, it encompasses so much more. A complete extinction of oil would lead to a rapid breakdown of society, desperation, lawlessness, wars and untold suffering.

Triskaidekaphobia - PAU inglés 2016 Andalucía resuelto

>Exámenes selectividad inglés resueltos Andalucía

The number 13 is synonymous with bad luck. It's considered unlucky to have 13 guests at a dinner party, and most people avoid getting married or buying a house on a day marked by this dreaded number. Especially superstitious folks even avoid driving on Friday the 13th. Our fixation with the number 13 runs deep. Of course, unlucky 13 isn't the only popular superstition that has been linked to the human psyche for decades. We're also beholden to black cats, broken mirrors and umbrellas opened indoors.

Author and psychology professor Stuart Vyse explains that the number 13 has a history of very old references that tend to be associated with groups of 13 people. "At the Last Supper in Christian theology, there were 13 dinner guests, so that number is unlucky because Christ was betrayed... And in Norse mythology, 12 benevolent gods were gathering in a hall and the evil god Loki, the 13th guest, attacked the group and the god Balder was killed".

Although there isn’t any statistical proof to support the superstition that Friday the 13th — or even just the number 13 itself — is unlucky, the fear of the number 13 is so pervasive that it even has a phobia named after it: triskaidekaphobia. Based on this phobia, airlines typically do not have a 13th row, and most tall buildings do not have a 13th floor. However, many triskaidekaphobics, who count author Stephen King and former president Franklin Roosevelt among their ranks, don't need statistical evidence to back up their conviction that the number is truly cursed. As with any superstition, no matter how irrational it may be, some people will still choose to believe in it

Second life - PAU 2015 Andalucía resuelto

>Exámenes selectividad inglés resueltos Andalucía

I am a cardiac surgeon in a big hospital. Several years ago, I performed a high-risk heart operation on an elderly gentleman who was in his mid-seventies. The surgery appeared to be a success, but three days later the patient’s heart stopped beating. We performed a cardiopulmonary resuscitation on him for three hours and, amazingly, he was able to come back to life. In the process, however, the man suffered a brain injury. The symptoms were very unusual: he now thought he was fifty years old. During the resuscitation process, he had lost more than twenty years of his life.

I followed the patient for two months, and during that time, he seemed to regain about ten of those years. When I lost track of him, he was convinced that he was sixty years old. He had the strength and energy of a man twenty years younger than his chronological age.

About a year and a half later, I was playing golf with a good friend of mine. He had brought along a friend of 10 his, and, to my surprise, he was the patient’s son-in-law. He told me that his father-in-law had died earlier that month, and he proceeded to tell me a story that I will never forget. 

Before his heart surgery, my patient had been an alcoholic, a wife-abuser, and impotent for about twenty years. After his cardiac arrest and resuscitation —and the loss of twenty years of memory— he had forgotten all these things about himself. He stopped drinking. He began sleeping with his wife again and became a loving husband. This lasted for more than a year. And then, one night, he died in sleep.

Le dimanche, pause nécessaire à la cellule familiale . PAU francés 2015

Exámenes selectividad francés resueltos Andalucía

Quel serait l’impact d’une ouverture douze dimanches par an des commerces sur la vie privée et familiale des salariés concernés ? De façon étonnante, rien ou presque n’a été dit sur ce sujet depuis que le gouvernement a annoncé sa volonté d’étendre le travail dominical. L’essentiel du débat a porté sur l’efficacité économique de la réforme, et sur la place supposée croissante de la consommation dans les loisirs. Quelques voix se sont élevées pour saluer la mesure. Ces partisans de la mesure affirment que 62% sont favorables à l’ouverture des magasins le dimanche… en oubliant que 60% ne sont, dans le même temps, pas d’accord pour travailler eux-mêmes ce jour-là. Mais les spécialistes de la famille interrogés s’inquiètent de la mesure. Dans la semaine, les gens ne sont pas très disponibles le soir en rentrant du travail. C’est le dimanche qu’ils font une pause. C’est grâce à cela que tiennent les bonnes relations familiales. Quand on sait que personne ne travaille ni ne va à l’école le lendemain, la détente s’installe. Le dimanche est le seul moment où il est possible de mettre en place la cellule familiale, d’avoir des interactions et une transmission émotionnelle. Si le travail du dimanche permet de desserrer l’étau des difficultés financières, ce n’est pas forcément un mal. Mais il serait souhaitable de ne pas être obligé de travailler le dimanche pour cela. On sous-estime les conséquences individuelles de telles mesures. La récupération des dimanches travaillés compensera les heures, mais pas la sociabilité perdue.

lemonde.fr 23.12.2014 (texte adapté)

Le stylo n'a pas dit son dernier mot . PAU francés 2015

Exámenes selectividad francés resueltos Andalucía

Vous avez sans doute, ces derniers jours, griffonné une liste de courses sur un papier ou laissé un Post-it sur un bureau. Peut-être avez-vous écrit un mot dans le cahier de correspondance de votre enfant ou pris rapidement des notes pendant une réunion. Mais quand avez-vous rédigé pour la dernière fois un long texte à la main ? À quand remonte votre dernier courrier « à l’ancienne », réalisé avec un stylo, sur une feuille de papier ? Faites-vous partie de ces gens, qui, dans leur activité professionnelle, abandonnent peu à peu le crayon au profit du clavier ? Nul ne peut encore mesurer avec précision le déclin de l’écriture manuscrite, mais une enquête britannique, effectuée en juin auprès de 2 000 personnes, laisse entrevoir la profondeur du phénomène. Selon ce sondage, un Britannique sur trois n’a pas écrit à la main depuis six mois – en moyenne, le dernier document tracé au stylo remonterait à quarante et un jours. Les gens écrivent sans doute plus qu’ils ne le pensent, mais une chose est sûre : les nouvelles technologies permettent aujourd’hui de rédiger des textes avec une telle rapidité que, dans le monde du travail, elles supplantent peu à peu l’écriture manuscrite. Les États-Unis en ont tiré les conséquences. Puisque les mails et les SMS ont remplacé les courriers, puisque les étudiants prennent leurs notes sur ordinateur, puisque les employés effectuent leurs travaux sur écran, l’écriture ne fait plus partie des enseignements ...

lemonde.fr 13.11.2014 (texte adapté) 

Les jeunes lisent mais pas des livres . PAU francés 2015

Exámenes selectividad francés resueltos Andalucía

Les jeunes lisent moins de livres et, surtout, lisent moins pour le plaisir. La lecture n’est plus considérée comme la porte d’accès privilégiée au savoir et n’est plus synonyme de plaisir. Ce désamour pour les livres vient du glissement de notre société de ce qu’on appelait les humanités vers le technico-commercial. Or la lecture, en tant que loisir, n’est plus vraiment obligatoire pour devenir ingénieur. Les séquences de lecture des jeunes sont plus courtes, souvent liées à leurs échanges écrits sur internet, et donc sont très liées à la sociabilité. Aujourd’hui, la façon dont les jeunes construisent leur approche culturelle ne va pas naturellement vers la lecture. Pourtant certains jeunes se tournent vers la lecture comme pour stopper le flux d’information qui leur parvient. En réalité, on n’a jamais tant lu : des textes, des publicités, etc. En fait, ils lisent toujours, mais moins de titres littéraires. L’école a son rôle à jouer dans ces évolutions. Au collège, les élèves se trimballent des livres sur le dos toute la journée. Le poids physique devient aussi un poids psychique, avec le temps. La lecture devient une contrainte, c’est l’effet pervers de la scolarisation de la lecture. De plus, les réseaux sociaux et la sociabilité sont si importants pour les adolescents pour se construire qu’il leur est difficile de s’en extraire et de construire des espaces de solitude pour lire. Le smartphone est devenu le premier terminal culturel des jeunes. Un adolescent rencontré lors d’une enquête a dit : « S’il y avait la guerre, je l’apprendrais sur Facebook ».

Le Monde 24.09.2014 (texte adapté)

Whatsapp: Pourquoi la France n'est pas fanatique de la messagerie gratuite . PAU francés 2015

Exámenes selectividad francés resueltos Andalucía

Impossible d'être passé à côté de l'acquisition du mois : Facebook a racheté l'application de messagerie WhatsApp. Bon d'accord, WhatsApp est une sucess-story à l'américaine qui a séduit 450 millions d'utilisateurs. Soit une croissance encore plus fulgurante que Facebook en son temps. Mais quid de la France ? Vous ne vous étonnerez pas de constater que la messagerie est loin d'être une inconnue en France. Pour autant, son taux de pénétration n'est pas si impressionnant comparé à nos voisins. Seuls 14% des smartphones français sont équipés de ce système. C'est beaucoup moins qu'en Espagne (97%), Allemagne (84%)… Les utilisateurs préfèrent passer par un moyen qui a longtemps fait ses preuves : le traditionnel SMS, qui s'échange toujours en masse. Bien que souvent installée parmi les meilleurs téléchargements de l'AppStore, l'application n'atteint pas chez nous des sommets en termes d'usage. WhatsApp a surtout explosé dans les pays où les SMS ne sont pas inclus en illimité dans les forfaits, comme en Espagne et aux Pays-Bas. Les opérateurs français proposent en effet les SMS en illimité depuis quelque temps. Depuis l'arrivée de Free en janvier 2012, les consommateurs se sont habitués à des forfaits plus raisonnables en termes de tarif, ne nécessitant plus un contrôle permanent de leur consommation. De quoi pousser l'utilisateur à conserver une solution pour laquelle il a ses habitudes. A l'inverse, on peut être tenté d'utiliser WhatsApp ou ses concurrents pour dialoguer avec des amis à l'étranger. Les SMS gratuits vers ces destinations ne sont pas encore légion.

Le HuffPost 20.02.2014 (texte adapté)

Eating less meat could save lives - PAU 2015 Andalucía resuelto

>Exámenes selectividad inglés resueltos Andalucía

More than 45,000 lives a year could be saved if everyone began eating meat no more than two or three times a week, health experts claim today. Widespread change to low-meat diets would stop 31,000 early deaths from heart disease, and 9,000 from cancer, according to new analyses of British eating habits. Dramatically reduced meat consumption would slow down climate change and deforestation in South America, where rainforests are being chopped down to raise cows, which are later exported to Europe.

Eating too much meat, particularly processed meat, is unhealthy because it can involve consuming more fat than official guidelines recommend. "We don't need to go vegetarian to look after ourselves and our planet, but we do need to cut down on meat," said Peter Bennett. "While the government has ignored the environmental aspect of meat and dairy consumption, it can't ignore the lives that would be saved by switching to less and better meat."

Meat producers criticised the report. "The vast majority of consumers eat less than average recommendations of red meat already," said Chris Lamb. "It is over-simplistic to say that changing one element of the diet can have such a dramatic result. Red meat has a valuable role to play as part of a healthy diet." Jen Elford, of the Vegetarian Society, added: "Of course less meat is better than more, but we can't start solving the environmental and health problems without moving away from animal protein."

Ebola: Le virus passe les frontières - PAU francés 2015

Exámenes selectividad francés resueltos Andalucía

Le virus Ebola touche à nouveau l'Afrique de l'Ouest depuis plusieurs mois. Cette épidémie est la plus grave depuis sa découverte il y a 38 ans. Le virus se propage par les fluides (sang, salive). Les signes de la maladie sont : fièvre, fatigue, courbatures et saignements importants. Le virus voyage. Aujourd'hui, avec les mouvements de population, le virus Ebola n'est plus cantonné à l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Ce sont les personnes malades elles-mêmes qui font voyager le virus. Les premiers cas ont passé les frontières. En Espagne, une aide-soignante qui s'était occupée de deux malades - aujourd'hui décédés - est contaminée à son tour. Cinq autres personnes, proches de l'aide-soignante, ont été placées en quarantaine: cela veut dire qu'elles sont isolées chez elles et n'ont plus le droit d'entrer en contact avec des gens de l'extérieur. Le monde entier craint une propagation du virus Ebola dans la plupart des pays.

Quelles mesures sont prises pour éviter que le virus ne se propage? Des contrôles renforcés dans les aéroports et les ports. Les passagers qui embarquent depuis les pays d'Afrique touchés sont contrôlés: leur température est relevée avant qu'ils ne montent dans l'avion ou le bateau. Les Aéroports de Paris ont réservé un espace pour isoler les passagers présentant les signes d'Ebola à leur arrivée. Les contrôles des passagers en provenance des pays à risque sont renforcés. On a prévu aussi d’envoyer des aides supplémentaires en Afrique de l'Ouest. Les États-Unis ont prévu d'envoyer 3000 militaires sur place pour construire des centres de soins et former le personnel.

JDE 09.10.2014 (texte adapté)

Screen dinosaurs - PAU inglés 2015 Andalucía resuelto

>Exámenes selectividad inglés resueltos Andalucía

In 1922 a short film confused its audience by showing dinosaurs that were taken for real, living dinosaurs that had somehow escaped extinction. The next day newspapers revealed the truth: they were just special effects. Well, today we think we know what dinosaurs looked like because we’ve watched hours of films and documentaries – from the black-and-white, robotic figures of old movies to today’s computer-generated dinosaurs. But although animatronics have become extremely sophisticated and realistic, what we see on screen today is a combination of fact and fantasy, just as it was 100 years ago.

Much of what movies have taught us is wrong. For instance, the latest paleontological research says now that velociraptors (which were also much smaller than in Jurassic Park, about the size of a large chicken), and quite possibly T-rex itself, could have had their bodies covered in feathers rather than skin – although they lacked the ability to fly.

In the end, fiction is fiction, so perhaps it doesn’t matter very much if Jurassic Park and other movies change some facts to add excitement. However, mixing truth and conjecture is more significant in programmes that could be mistaken for reality, like Walking with Dinosaurs, often cited as the most successful television documentary series of all time. But can it truly be classified as a documentary? Its format is familiar to viewers as it resembles real-life wildlife programmes. So it feels like everything you are shown and told in those so-called documentaries is established beyond doubt. But people should be aware that many of today’s dinosaur programmes represent just the way things might possibly have been, and so they should be enjoyed as a hybrid of fact and fiction.

Go on two wheels - PAU inglés 2015 Madrid resuelto

>Exámenes selectividad inglés resueltos C. Madrid

“Beat the Tube strike, get a bike!” During the 48-hour shutdown of London Underground in February 2014, thousands did just that and took to two wheels. During the General Strike of 1926, the middle-class volunteers who drove trains were strike breakers. Similarly, these two-wheeled commuters were trying to beat the Tube strike.

With every turn of a bicycle wheel, human freedom is advanced. Cyclists do not have to face timetables; through their own sweat, they make their way in the world, free from following rigid lines of steel and electricity. The bike is individualism in action.

The bicycle is a reminder of the freedoms people enjoyed in the lost Victorian days. You pay no taxes or duties; you need no licence, permit or certificate of proficiency - you just get on your bike. And any cyclist with road sense will have a relaxed attitude towards highways regulations. It is absurd to give dog-like obedience to a red light when your eyes and ears tell you it is safe to go.

The bike has always pedalled individual freedom forward. The Lady Cyclists’ Association, founded in 1892, knew that it not only gave women an escape from home and husband, but also a reason to throw off constricting dresses. Many lady cyclists, for practical reasons, made cause with the Rational Dress Society who opposed “the introduction of any fashion in dress that either deforms the figure or impedes the movement of the body”.

The car is no longer a symbol of freedom, so if you want to feel free, go on two wheels.

New clothes which make people invisible to cameras - PAU 2015

>Exámenes selectividad inglés País Vasco resueltos

Celebrities may finally have a way to defend themselves against unwanted street photographers' cameras thanks to a clever new clothes collection which is designed to ruin any images taken using flash photography.

DJ Chris Holmes has invented the Flashback Collection, an anti-paparazzi type of clothing that reflects the light from a camera's flash, creating a hopefully useless image which completely hides the wearer's face.

The collection includes a hooded jacket, a scarf, and a coat that look like everyday pieces, but essentially act as a mirror when hit with bright light, making the wearer practically invisible in flash photography. Holmes has asked for suggestions for additions to the line in the comments section of the product’s web-page.

Mr. Holmes, who works with Paul McCartney, said that he was inspired to create the collection after he realised the reflective clothes he wears when he is on stage were spoiling the pictures. "While I wasn't happy that many of my photos were ruined, it gave me the idea that, perhaps, I could use this technology to design clothes which could make photos worthless-perfect for those who don't want their picture taken." he wrote.

He developed his product for a competition on new ideas called "Think Tank", which allows people to decide which items deserve to be funded and produced. These clothes are currently unavailable for buying, but fans have 20 more days to vote for them on the Think Tank website in the hope that they will eventually be sold in shops.

One person who will no doubt be delighted to see the concept turned into a reality is model Cara Delevingne, who is well-known for being one of the most photographed women in the world. In November, the model was actually seen wearing a reflective silver jacket made especially for her. The jacket was given to the star in order to test whether it actually worked when facing some of the world's most persistent celebrity photographers.

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To better understand how video games affect the brain, German researchers conducted a study in which they asked 23 adults in their mid-twenties to play “Super Mario 64” for 30 minutes a day over a period of two months. A separate control group did not play video games at all.

Examining the brains of the two groups using an MRI machine they found that the gaming group had a rise (1) in grey matter in the areas of the brain responsible for spatial navigation, memory formation, strategic planning and fine (2) motor skills in the hands. “While previous studies have shown differences in brain structure of video gamers, the present study can demonstrate the direct causal link (3) between video gaming and volumetric brain increase and that specific brain regions can be trained by means of video games,” study leader Simone Kühn said.

Another study, carried out at the University of Padua, throws cold water on the idea that video games are bad for the brains of young children. In February, the Italian researchers presented evidence (4) that playing fast-paced video games can improve the reading skills of children with dyslexia.

The team separated children age 7 to 13 into two groups, one of which played an action game called “Rayman Raving Rabbids” while the other played a lower tempo game. When the reading skills of the children were tested afterwards, those who played the action game were capable of reading faster and more accurately (5). The authors of the study hypothesized that the action games help kids increase their attention spans, a skill considered crucial to reading.

• 1MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a system for producing electronic pictures of the organs inside a person’s body, using radio waves and a strong magnetic field. (Important note: You can perfectly do this exam without knowing the meaning of “MRI machine”).