Scotland . Inglés A1 Graduado ESO

Scotland has not always been a part of the United Kingdom. The Scottish people had their own royal family and fought the English for centuries. In 1603, King James VI of Scotland became King James I of England and Scotland. He moved to London and this ended Scottish independence.

In 1707, Scotland formally became part of the UK when the government of Scotland moved to Westminster, in London. Scotland managed to keep its own legal and education systems. Scotland still has different marriage laws to England. Young couples in England must have their parents’ consent to get married if they are under 18, but in Scotland they can get married at the age of 16 without their parents’ consent.

In 1999, a referendum gave new powers to Scotland so the Parliament of Scotland was established under the supervision of the UK. Today, about 55 per cent of Scottish citizens want Scotland to be completely independent. In fact, in 2014 there will be a referendum to decide if they want to become independent from the UK.

James Cameron et son film «Avatar» . Francés A1 Graduado ESO

Avatar, c’est le dernier film du réalisateur James Cameron et le plus cher de l’histoire du cinéma.

James Cameron est né au Canada mais il fait ses études à l’Université de Californie. Il a aimé toujours le cinéma mais il travaille au commencement comme mécanicien et conducteur de camions. Nous savons qu’il s’est marié cinq fois et qu’il a trois enfants. Avant de tourner Avatar, il a réalisé des films bien connus comme Terminator, Rambo II, Abyss ou Titanic. Films de grand succès.

Avatar sort en décembre 2009, mais James Cameron a travaillé dans le projet pendant quatorze ans.

Avatar c’est un film d’aventure et science fiction, mais le plus important c’est que le film est tourné en 3 dimensions, avec des effets spéciaux magnifiques, grâce aux technologies modernes.

On peut voir le film dans toutes les salles de cinéma du monde, mais il y en beaucoup qui ne sont pas encore équipés pour le voir en 3 dimensions.

Avec Titanic, qui a gagné 11 Oscars et le grand succès d’Avatar, James Cameron devient le réalisateur le plus rentable de l´histoire du cinéma devant Steven Spielberg.

China's animal rights- PAU Galicia 2013

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China can be an unforgiving country for dogs: attitudes towards pets have become more progressive over the past decade – a product of growing wealth and exposure to foreign ideas – but large canines are banned in many cities; pet markets are poorly regulated, and puppies frequently die soon after being purchased. In parts of the country, dogmeat makes a popular wintertime dish; animals kept as pets are frequently stolen and sold as meat.

"Pet ownership has risen dramatically, it's just gone through the roof," said Paul Littlefair, an expert on China's animal rights. But animal protection remains a grey area, he said. Thanks to China's mass urbanisation, strict family planning laws and changing social norms, an increasing number of Chinese people live alone, and many of them keep dogs as company. "People spend a ridiculous amount of money on their dogs – they love their dogs like they're family members," said filmmaker Wu Ming, who is making a documentary about dog ownership in China. Wu said she became aware of China's often contradictory attitude towards dogs after her roommate bought a labrador retriever. "There were a lot of shocking reactions to the dog – if we got into an elevator with someone they'd start screaming and trying to climb the walls," she said. Since the 2008 Olympics, dogs over 35cm tall have been banned within Beijing's fourth ring road. During the daytime, pensioners take their pekinese and poodles on strolls through Beijing's residential areas. Golden retrievers, labradors and huskies only appear late at night, when the city's police presence dwindles. Earlier this year, protests broke out in the northern city of Harbin after municipal officials announced a new ordinance prohibiting "dangerous" breeds – including golden and labrador retrievers – forcing many of the city's dog owners to either move away or quickly relinquish their pets.

Could you imagine having to pay for a licence to buy tobacco? - PAU 2013

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Could you imagine having to apply and pay for a licence to buy tobacco? It might sound extreme, but this is the proposal of a public health expert in Australia, who suggests that it could provide a practical "disincentive" for smokers.

Prof Simon Chapman from the University of Sydney is interested in the next generation of truly effective anti-smoking measures. Laying out his case for a smokers' licence in the latest issue of the journal Plos Medicine, he said it could be of interest to "high-income nations that are actively pursuing tobacco control goals". So could a government-issued licence be the best solution to reduce smoking? And how could such a scheme work?

Prof Chapman used the analogy of prescription drugs, prescriptions essentially being "temporary licences" to buy certain medicines. The licence that Prof Chapman proposes would be a swipe card, like a Visa or Mastercard; smokers would be required to apply for a card and tobacco products would not be sold to anyone without one. "Selling cigarettes to anyone without a licence would be severely punished,” he explained “and an establishment which did this would lose its licence to sell, as happens now with pharmacists who sell drugs to anyone without a prescription."

Tied into his scheme would be a limit to the amount of tobacco any one person could buy - perhaps to 50 cigarettes per day or less, and of course the periodic inconvenience of renewing their licence. Along with the cost of a licence, Prof Chapman says that all of this could provide some real smoking disincentives. He also suggests building in a financial reward to entice smokers to quit. "As a quit incentive, all licence fees paid during a smoker's licensed smoking history would be fully refundable, with interest," he explains. "And licence surrender would be permanent and reapplication not permitted."

Baby-free "quiet zones" offered on flights - PAU inglés Galicia 2013

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One airline says it will offer baby-free "quiet zones" on its flights. Should all planes and trains follow their example, or do adults need to learn to live with child passengers?
At 10,000 metres, the howl of a baby screeches through a pressurised cabin. For travellers already stressed by lengthy security checks, squeezed into cramped seating and unnerved by the very fact of being so high above ground, it's almost enough to make them shatter the Plexiglas windows and jump. It's a source of anxiety for the embarrassed parents too, desperately trying to pacify their offspring while facing disapproving stares from fellow adults.
One airline is offering what it says is a solution. Low-cost carrier Air Asia says from February it will provide a "quiet zone" for passengers aged 12 and over at no extra cost. Separated from the rest of the cabin, these seven rows of seats should be immune from the sound of children, the company claims. It is following the example of Malaysia Airlines, which in April announced it would ban families with children from sitting on the upper deck of its Kuala Lumpur to London service.
For the childless and the easily irritable, it may be a relief, but introducing segregation would risk infuriating families who resent the idea they should be treated as second-class citizens. After all, there are no separate compartments for adults who disturb the peace and quiet of others by snoring, for instance, or taking off their shoes to unleash malodorous feet. However, there appears to be support for segregation. In April, a survey of 1,666 British adults found that over a third of Britons would be prepared to pay extra to travel by air without the presence of children.

Grandma's last flight PAU Galicia 2007

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On Sunday, Tom’s grandmother died. On Monday, at school, he told them he had been to the circus. “Yesterday, Dad took us to the circus. It was great, because my grandmother has been ill, but yesterday she was much better. He didn’t tell us where we were going, so I was excited. We drove for a long time.

“The circus tent was massive. I think it was white once, but it had turned dirty grey. And there were so many people. Dad kept me on one side and my grandmother on the other. You could smell the people and the animals.

“There were tigers,” said Tom. “Right in front of us. There were clowns. But the best thing was the trapeze. High up in the roof. So high it made your neck hurt to look up. And four acrobats in pink and gold clothes.

Then somebody said something to the audience: “Would anyone like to try the trapeze? Nobody did, because it was too scary. Then my grandmother got up and said she would. The acrobats took my grandmother, and she climbed up the ladder to the top. Dad said she should come down, but I told him, “No, it’s OK”. And they took my grandmother and she flew through the air. The other man caught her easily. She’s only small.” “Thank you, Tom,” said Miss Atkins. “Who’s next?”

Afterwards, Billy Brown and Sarah said he was a liar because no-one’s grandmother could get to the top of a circus ladder. At home, Tom’s house seemed strange without his grandmother in it. The only thing left of his grandmother was her book on the table, open at the page where she had been reading it.

Can a video game lead to murder? - PAU Galicia inglés 2007

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18-year-old Devin Moore, found in the driver’s seat of a car in Alabama at 7am, was driven to the local police station. He had no criminal record but was suspected of stealing the car. While being interrogated, he suddenly took the policeman’s gun and shot three men dead before escaping.

If those acts of violence had been a video game, Moore would have won. He’d played it before. For months he’d sat for hours in front of a video monitor stealing cars, beating prostitutes and finally killing policemen. The game was Grand Theft Auto, which has sold over 35 million copies worldwide.

A few years ago, video games were just fun, but now realistic games played at home have become an integral part of many people’s daily lives, especially for children. Child psychologists report that children’s school marks fall, they stop playing sports and stop socializing with their friends. Research shows that their brains learn to respond in certain ways to certain stimuli, like an arrest, in Moore’s case.

Video games cannot be separated from other forms of entertainment, such as magazines, books or films, many of which routinely show violence, and these games are one of many factors which could transform a player into a killer, such as a child’s home life. In fact, Devin Moore came from a broken home; his parents separated when he was young. When arrested, he asked the police to shoot him. When the sentence of death by lethal injection was read, his words were: “Life is like a video game. You have to die sometime.”

Marriage in crisis? - PAU Galicia 2008

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As today’s bride and groom celebrate their wedding, they have every excuse for being nervous. They exchange promises of lifelong fidelity and mutual support. However, all around them, they can see that many people do not and cannot keep these promises. Their own marriage has a one in three chance of divorce, if present tendencies continue.

Traditional marriage is facing a crisis, at least in Britain. Not only are there more and more divorces, but the number of marriages is falling. Living together is more popular than before. The family is now no longer one man, one woman and their children. Instead, there are more and more families which include parents, half sisters and brothers, or even only one parent on her / his own.

Although Britain is still conservative in its attitudes to marriage compared with other countries such as the USA, Sweden and Denmark, the future will probably see many more people living together before marriage – and more divorce. Interestingly, it is women rather than men who apply for divorce. Seven out of ten divorces are given to the wife. Also, one of the main reasons for divorce, chosen by ten times more women than men, is unreasonable or cruel behaviour. Perhaps this means that women will tolerate less than they used to.

Ancient Roman society - PAU Galicia 2008

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Roman women, although they were never given legal independence, still had a high status. They were all their lives under the control of their husbands, but the Roman mother was the head of her family. “We Romans,” said Cato, “rule the world, but our wives rule us.” The Romans were the first to celebrate Mother’s Day, and their religion reflected the importance of the family in their culture. Each family conducted its own religious rites, the father acting as the family’s priest. Romans believed in the gods, tradition, the family and the state.

The father’s power over the children did not end when they became adults, and was absolute, including life and death. The system was inflexible and didn’t allow any change, and lasted more than a thousand years. The oppression of children by their fathers was nothing, however, compared with the position of the plebeians, who had practically no rights. A plebeian could be arrested and executed by a patrician without a trial, and, if their masters died, they were sold into slavery.

In time, the plebeians gained the right to own land, to marry with higher classes and to pass their own laws. The Twelve Tables (450BC) marked the beginning of a period of “uniform law for all”. No plebeian could be executed by the magistrates without an appeal to an assembly of all Roman citizens. Later, rich plebeians formed an alliance with some patricians and a new aristocracy emerged.

How to overcome "air anxiety" - PAU inglés 2008 Galicia

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Most of us who have flown in an aeroplane have experienced the odd moment or two of disquiet. But for some people the prospect of flying is so terrifying that they cannot set foot in a plane. Yet, according to Maurice Yaffé, senior clinical psychologist at Guy’s hospital, it is possible to control a fear of flying so that air travel becomes not merely possible but, in some cases, positively enjoyable.

Mr. Yaffé organizes special “air anxiety” seminars. When people sign for the course, they are sent a book about flying and two cassette tapes about relaxation and flight stress control. The first morning of the course is spent on group discussion and a lecture about the principles of flight. Then they are shown different ways of coping with anxiety. In the afternoon, small groups take it in turns to go on the flight simulator. A TV screen shows a video of a Boeing 757 flight to Paris. The effect is quite realistic, complete with turbulence, engine noise and air-hostess announcements.

The next day the group go to Heathrow airport where the group can watch take-offs and landings and then they go to the air traffic control tower where they can see planes approaching on the radar. Mr Yaffé says that it is very important for the group to see how everything works and how “in control” the staff look. Seeing planes trundling in and out with monotonous regularity and with as much drama as buses going into a bus garage is very important for the success of the seminar.

The Bactrian Gold exhibition PAU 2007

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This exhibition is not only about gold - there is also Indian and Egyptian glass. But gold is gold. This is the treasure of the Hill of Gold, from northern Afghanistan. Called the Bactrian Gold, it was discovered in 1978 by a Russian team. They found more than 20,000 individual gold items, including the golden crown of a queen. Even golden sandals.

Soon after, Afghanistan suffered a period of chaos and civil war. For a quarter of a century, Afghanistan’s cultural treasures were stolen by vandals. But finally, in 2004, the gold was found, under piles of old Afghan money. And then international museums began to take the treasure on tour. And so it is now at the Musee Guimet, in Paris. The French have a long history of archaeological work in Afghanistan.

The exhibition will alter perceptions of Afghanistan - it’s not just camels and Kalashnikovs, it’s a fabulous mixture of cultures. There are sculptures of dancing girls. One coin shows Roman dolphins, another shows a Chinese devil. When it returns from its tour, Afghanistan’s golden treasure cannot be shown to Afghans.

They will not see it, for security reasons. What is desperately needed in Afghanistan is money to pay for education, which could be helped by the tour of the treasures. The Guimet Museum is giving one euro for each ticket sold. They expect to sell 50-100,000 tickets. It is not enough but it’s something. So, for many reasons - if you can - go to Paris. Pay your extra euro and remember you’ve had the privilege of seeing what the Afghans cannot see.

The invention of Trivial Pursuit - 2008

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It’s over twenty years since I started composing Trivial Pursuit questions. I have nightmares about them, but someone has to do it. Sometimes I’m inspired and write dozens a day, but most of the time it’s very laborious work, and sometimes I wish I hadn’t invented it.

There were four of us at the start, all Canadian journalists from Montreal. We were playing Scrabble one evening in 1979, and I asked: “Why don’t we invent something as good as this game?” It took us only 45 minutes to invent the rules and the circular board, then each of us invested money in the promotion of the idea. Two of us went to Spain to drink beer and write hundreds of questions. The difficult thing is to invent questions that are unusual enough to make people both laugh and think hard. At first hardly anybody bought the game, until a Toronto bank manager played it with his children, who loved it. He offered to invest a lot of money so that we could mass-produce it and promote it. Obviously, he hoped to get rich from his investment. The game was so good that millions of people bought it. Trivial Pursuit has so far sold more than 60 million copies in 33 countries.

I constantly check the questions for interest and difficulty, and make corrections based on comments received via e-mail, given by colleagues, or found in encyclopaedias. For example, I made up this question: “What is the main ingredient of the chocolate you buy in the shops?”, but afterwards found that the correct answer is not cocoa or even chocolate, but … sugar!

Teachers, society and moral standards - PAU inglés Galicia 2006

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Like it or not, teachers are still expected to be suitable role models for their students. This presents something of a problem, because although some teachers try hard to disguise the fact, they are obviously no less wicked than the rest of humanity.
Teachers already do society a great service in stressful jobs that have less status and pay than many other graduate professions. Asking them to be also more morally pure than the rest of us would be going too far.
However, there are practical reasons why teachers should not display their imperfections. Kids have a supernatural ability to spot the weaknesses in their teachers and exploit them ruthlessly. Rumours spread and mutate in the playground at great speed. If, during the first lesson, Miss Davis seems to have had a bit of a heavy night, by the final bell she is a certified alcoholic. Authority is easily undermined if you are exposed as a wrongdoer.
Also, we want schools to encourage children to aspire to high standards of conduct. We know that humans constantly fail to be as good as they should. But it is better to set the bar high and fail from time to time, than it is to set it low and sanction everyday wrongdoing.
For these reasons, it is important that teachers appear to be upholders of the values we aspire to, standing for high standards of ethics and not allowing their message to be undermined by revealing how they themselves fail to meet them.
Toleration of hypocrisy? Pure and simple, the old “Do as I say, not as I do”. People who don’t want to be hypocrites should try to live by the standards they teach. But the concern of employers, students and parents should be only with how teachers behave in public.

Agatha Christie, the most popular mystery writer of all time - PAU 2007

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Taught at home by a tutor, as a child Agatha Christie never attended school. She invented games to keep herself occupied at a very young age. A shy child, she could not express her feelings; she first used music as a means of expression and, later, writing. In 1914, at the age of 24, she married Archie Christie, a pilot.

While he was at war, she worked as a nurse, and, working in a hospital, Christie first had the idea of writing a detective novel.

The Mysterious Affair at Styles gave the world Hercule Poirot, a retired Belgian police officer who would become one of the most famous characters in fiction. He was a meticulous, slightly absurd little man. Christie wrote more than 30 novels where Poirot appeared. In 1926, Archie asked for a divorce. Agatha immediately disappeared, and all England became excited about “The case of the missing writer”. She was found three weeks later, explaining to police that she had lost her memory.

She found happiness by marrying Max Mallowan, a young archaeologist whom she met on a trip to Mesopotamia. Another of Christie’s most well-known characters was introduced in 1930: Miss Jane Marple, an elderly spinster in the English village of St. Mary Mead, who solved mysteries with concentration and intuition. Christie wrote over 66 novels, numerous short stories and screenplays. Several of her works were made into successful films, such as Murder on the Orient Express (1974). Her work has been translated into more than a hundred languages. In short, she is the most popular mystery writer of all time.

How a boy from Peru changed my life - PAU Galicia 2004 inglés

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It was Christmas 2002, and I was appearing in an opera in London. My career as a singer has always been at the centre of my life, but because my mother had just died, I decided to do what she had asked: I took a year’s sabbatical. I also made another decision. I’d fly to Peru to meet a young man called Nick López.

Ten years earlier, a friend had told me about a charity organization called EveryChild. By giving $20 a month, you could help a young person in a developing country. Nick was five years old, living with his parents and two brothers in a shanty town above Lima. We exchanged letters. I enjoyed reading about his life, although it became clear that his family had to struggle to get by. When he was eight he sent me my favourite photograph, which I still keep in my office. Nick was growing up fast.

So here I was on my way to Lima at last to meet him in person. It was an experience that I’ll never forget. The poverty shocked me. Nick and his family live in a two-roomed house, but Nick was a sweet, shy 15-year-old boy with beautiful manners and real dignity, who kept chickens and sold them to help his family. I had been told that giving him too many presents would single him out from the rest of his community, so I brought T-shirts for him and his brothers, and books about caring for chickens. Meeting Nick has given my life a new perspective.

My life in the world of fashion - PAU Galicia 2006

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My name is Claire. Last summer I was walking through Covent Garden and a woman from a modelling agency came up to me. She asked if I’d ever thought of modelling, and I said: “No, never.” But I was signed up and started modelling in the school holidays. I decided to go into it full time this year.

My parents supported the decision, though they would rather I’d stayed on at school and gone to University. But they are fairly keen on show business themselves. It’s a very competitive profession. You have to be very self-disciplined: eating the right things, exercising, looking your best when you get up in the morning. It sounds easy but it’s hard work.

When you go on castings all the models look you up and down; but a lot of them are very friendly. I would say male models are more vain: all the ones I’ve met seem terribly in love with themselves. They are not the people I see at weekends. I spend most of my time with my boyfriend, who’s a computer programmer, or with old friends.

Modelling is a lot of fun but it’s not something I want to do as my career. It’s always been my ambition to be rich and famous, but what I really want to do is be a singer. I know people say models always go on to acting and singing and can’t do it, but if I’m making money I don’t really care what they say.

An interview for a job - PAU 2004

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Some employers recruit graduates after a half hour personal interview. This is done in a formal setting, between two people, one of whom controls the conversation. There are always parts of interviews which are different from what is expected. The interviewer may not start at the beginning, and this can be difficult. You will have to order and clarify your thoughts quickly as the interviewer jumps from one point to the other. “Situational questions” are where the interviewer describes a work situation and asks for your solution. Generally you are recommended to think aloud - identify the key points and clarify the information, adding a dash of common sense.

In some cases, you will encounter panel interviews, where you will meet two, three or more interviewers at the same time. It is usual in such cases for the question topics to be split up between the interviewers, so that for example one will cover your academic record, the second concentrating on your reasons for wanting the job, and so on. You will have to build up rapport with each interviewer, adapt to his/her style, and concentrate on the abrupt change of topic. You should try and remember who is who - not their names, but their job or position, so that your answers are given at an appropriate level.

Remember that an interview is a two way process, and you should use the opportunity to ask questions. At the end of the interview you should have enough information to make a decision, if the job is offered to you.

Skating was a mode of transportation for war and hunting in Northern Europe

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Skating was a mode of transportation for war and hunting in Northern Europe: it was a quick way to cross frozen lakes, rivers and streams. Skates were first made from bones, and later from iron and steel. By the 16th century, skaters were transporting goods across frozen waterways. Thus, like other winter sports, figure skating grew from necessity.

In 1892, the International Skating Union was founded. Six years later, the first official event was celebrated, and the Union’s organisers hoped it might soon become an Olympic sport. After a great deal of work over the next decade, figure skating was added to the Olympic programme for the 1908 Games.

There are four Olympic Figure Skating events: women's singles, men's singles, pairs, and ice dancing. The singles event consists of two sections: the short programme, and free skating. The short programme combines eight prescribed elements such as a number of jumps. In the free skating programme, skaters perform original techniques to music of their choice. As judges deduct points for too many or too few jumps, a balanced programme is important. The pairs event also consists of a short programme and free skating. The couple works as a unit, performing many manoeuvres.

In ice dancing, the focus is on the complex steps in time with the music, in which the skaters maintain physical contact with each other. Ice dancing consists of three sections: compulsory, original, and free dances. In compulsory dancing, the couple must perform one pre-determined dance. Original dances must follow selected rhythms, although the pair can choose their own music and interpretative steps. In free dancing the pair freely express their interpretation of the music they have chosen.

Probiotic products are healthy foods that contain good bacteria

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Probiotic products are healthy foods that contain good bacteria, and some of them are among the bestselling foods in supermarkets. Probiotic foods and drinks contain types of bacteria that naturally colonise your intestines and help you digest food, though we may not like eating them so much.
The theory is that by putting these ‘friendly’ bacteria into our system, we fight the bad bacteria and help promote the natural balance of micro-organisms in our digestive system. This, it is said, helps digestion.
There is also a theory that probiotics can help your immune system — some scientists believe that our immune system suffers in our super-clean homes, and that introducing good bacteria helps it. Because of this, there is evidence that they may improve those illnesses associated with the immune system, such as psoriasis and asthma.
Some of this is supported by studies, particularly in the area of intestine health. Recent studies have supported the theory that the bacteria in probiotics can make the immune system stronger. A paper presented at the European Influenza Conference indicated that probiotics, combined with vitamin and mineral supplements, could reduce the duration of some common illnesses. And then another study showed that people taking probiotics took fewer days off work than a group who took no probiotics, especially in night workers.
So far, studies on their effects on eczema, asthma and cholesterol have not produced good results, but the potential role of friendly bacteria in promoting digestive health is irrefutable. Our digestive health may be affected if we don’t eat them.

The dangers of mobile phones - PAU Galicia 2004 inglés

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A massive investigation into mobile phone safety has failed to rule out risks of brain damage and cancer. Experts say there are still large gaps in scientific knowledge about what radiation is doing to users’ bodies and brains. The results of a three-year study highlighted continuing uncertainty over the safety of handsets. Parents were urged to limit mobile phone use by children because of the potential damage. Campaigners have long feared that users of Britain’s 50 million phones are risking cancer, brain damage, Alzheimer’s disease, sleeping disorders and memory loss because of radiation emitted by handsets directly into the head. Now the report says there may be other hidden problems because mobiles have been in widespread use among British people for only a few years.

Professor Anthony Simons, who led the study, said: ‘We cannot be sure what will be found and the possibility of an effect still remains’. ‘It’s still early days, particularly on the use of handsets,’ he added. ‘There could still be effects we don’t know about. We can’t predict what we are going to learn tomorrow. In the meantime, excessive use of mobile phones by young children should be discouraged. While children are growing and developing, they are more susceptible to all sorts of things. About a quarter of mobile phone users are under 18, with many having been given them by their parents so they can easily stay in touch. Those under ten are thought to be particularly vulnerable because their skulls are thinner and may allow radiation to penetrate deeper into the brain. Also their nervous systems are still developing’.